Detective Fiction Essay

The famous horror writer ‘Edgar Allen Poe’ first introduced detective Fiction in 1841 with ‘murder in the rue morgue’. Although Mr Poe was the creator of detective Fiction, he was not the one to make it as popular as it is today. Readers were more intrigued by Poe’s creative genre ‘Horror’. Poe’s ‘murder in the rue morgue’ had also introduced the five traditional elements, the most important of all was ‘the superior detective’ known as ‘C. Auguste Dupin’, he had a method of deduction and was very eccentric. Now in every detective Fiction story or TV programme their contains the Five traditional elements ‘the perfect crime, the wrongly accused suspect, superior detective, dim witted police and the surprise ending, each one more essential than the other. Detective fiction was at its peak during the late nineteenth century for that was the time of ‘Jack the Ripper’, a cunning murderer who was never found. The mobs were intrigued by this whole situation, how it started and how it ends. To quench their appetite for mystery and suspense they would read detective fiction books. The most popular out of all the writers would have been ‘Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’. His stories had a different focus point. While other writers are focusing on the plot, Sir Doyle would have been showing of his detective’s intelligence. The superior detective would have solved impossible cases, have ridiculous and controversial theories, suspect clues with little or no evidence but at the end of the day he was the one to catch the criminal. The superior detective was known as ‘Sherlock Holmes’ with his right hand man Dr Watson. In any one of Sherlock’s stories Sir Doyle would have focused his attention on Holmes, the story would revolve around him on his thoughts and actions. One of Sir Doyle’s famous stories was the ‘Speckled Band’ that was about a young woman who died in a perfectly humane situation however there is little evidence to who or what did it. The ‘Speckled Band’ contains all the essential criteria, the perfect crime. Etc. The perfect crime committed was the death of Julia Stoner. Their was very little evidence of murder and how it could have been committed, For example her bedroom door was locked, her windows were barred and their was no sign of blood, bruises or any other form of violence. The Superior detective was clearly stated after making remarks to Dr Grimsby Roylett about the ticket leaning over his pocket and the state of his coat. This gives us an example of Sherlock’s excellent observational skills and his superiority.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦I observe the second half of a return ticket in the palm of your left glove.† From observing this Sherlock realises that he arrived here on public transport. In my view the wrongly accused suspect were the Gypsies and the sister of Julia. The reason for the Gypsies is because they are complete strangers to the family, who knows what they were capable of doing. The reason for Julia’s sister is because when she was speaking to Sherlock, he found her to be tense and he had the feeling as if she was hiding something from him. â€Å"†¦Have you told me all†. Sherlock had found her tense by observing her body language. This also shows us the intelligence of Sherlock. The ending came to quite a surprise, however I wasn’t completely shocked to hear that the culprit was â€Å"†¦a swamp adder†. I knew that Dr Roylett kept exotic animals and I also thought Dr Roylett did it. My theory was correct about it being the Dr, but not completely. The snake killed the girl but the mastermind behind the death was the Dr.  Although the story did not contain any police, the story itself states police as dim witted for example Julia’s sister goes to Sherlock to solve the crime. Here she knows the police haven’t got the intelligence to solve the crime. Doyle’s rural setting of where the incident happened was colourful and natural. You would never think anything sinister could happen however when setting eyes on the location of the death, there was a huge contrast. Watson describes the setting â€Å"†¦there was a strange contrast between the sweet promise of the spring and this sinister quest upon which were engaged†. The surrounding was very colourful, no prisons, no insane asylums, there were no sinister vibes except for the ones coming from the house. I suppose the setting makes it to be a perfect crime but when Sherlock and Dr Watson set their eyes on â€Å"Stoke Moran† it would of narrowed down the suspects to those in the house. Although the outside atmosphere was pleasant Watson felt a huge contrast between both. † The building was of grey †¦two curving wings†¦in one of these wings the window was broken, and blocked with wooden boards†. Stoke Moran seemed to be mysterious but the only thing about unusual about it was the presence of that Dr Roylett who was a strong bitter man who kept wild animals in his premises. Another one of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s books was the ‘the blue carbuncle’. In this Sir Doyle emphasizes a great deal on Sherlock, his predictions and theories. When reading ‘the blue carbuncle’ you get so much information from one piece of evidence that story loses the plot. When Sherlock is examining the evidence Sir Doyle is trying to tell the readers that Sherlock is so intellectual there is nothing he can’t solve. The piece of evidence Sherlock was examining was a hat, although to a normal intellectual being like Dr Watson you wouldn’t find any clues about that hat. Sherlock came up with a great deal of conclusions and suggestions from a plain black top hat. Some of the conclusions made towards the hat by Sherlock would now be very controversial â€Å"†¦it came right over the forehead and settled upon the bridge of his nose†. Here Sherlock suggests that he is an intellectual man just by the size of his head â€Å"†¦It is a question of cubic capacity†¦a man with so large a brain must have something in it†.  There were also suggestions about the hat that were more believable and more obvious to see â€Å"†¦ goes out a little, middle-aged, has grizzled hair which he has had cut within the last few days, and which he anoints with lime-cream† but even Dr Watson failed to see these clues when glancing at it, first time.

Aids India

Matter of Life or Death India is the seventh largest Country in the world, home to one billion people and vast ethnic diversity. It has been making great leaps with education, industrialization and technology. Literacy rates are continuously going up along with life expectancy. India has been making continuous progress in many aspects for a country that has been relatively poor and extremely poverty-stricken. India is also one of the world’s largest democracies meaning that citizens have a great deal of political freedom.The average Indian citizen lives in a rural area and consumes 30 times less resources than an American citizen consumes. Although India is making many improvements, there are certain issues that continue to creep around and into the lives of Indian people and will continue to do so for a very long time. HIV/AIDS is one of these issues, an issue that has been taking millions of lives and affecting the lifestyles of many Indian people. HIV/AIDS is one of the mos t concerning problems for India; it continues to manifest regardless of the many efforts made by the Indian government.HIV/AIDS is not just a problem that India must deal with; it has affected nearly every region in the world but every country and population responds to epidemics with a different approach and one must consider all the different aspects. In India, many unique factors have been linked with the growth, prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS. The causes for the emergence of HIV/AIDS in India are still unclear however; some believe that foreign visitors that had sexual contact with the sex workers in India are to blame. Many believe this because initial cases were found in sex worker and truck drivers.HIV/AIDS emerged into India later than most other countries and the first cases were reported in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Studies also indicate that heterosexual sex was the method in which most initial cases occurred through. It was first identified in the early 80’s in s ex workers from Tamil Nadu. The infection rates of the disease peaked in the early 90’s and it had made its way into low – risk individuals across the whole country in just ten years. (Avert, 2011) The most recent estimates state that there are currently 2. million individuals living with HIV in India and of that, 39% are females and 3. 5% are children. Considering age as a factor, the highest infection rates occur in people aged 30-34 in India. HIV rates for the nation have been decreasing according to recent studies (NACO, 2007) and the area of southern India which was impacted the most by this epidemic has shown a decrease in infection rates (Kumar R. , Jha P. et al. , 2006). Seventy percent of infections are reported in six states: Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Manipur, Nagaland and Karnataka.Currently the state of Andhra Pradesh holds the highest prevalence rate (1%) out of the 28 states and out of the high-risk groups in this Andhra Pradesh; the highes t rate is among MSM (17%) (Avert, 2011). In recent years the rate of injection drug users has been increasing in many states and has given HIV an opportunity to spread. One of these states are Punjab in the northeast of India where a third of the population is addicted to drugs and has become one of the world’s leading areas in drug trafficking and usage (Glut, 2011). In the Punjab’s capital city Amritsar, the prevalence rate among IDU’s is as high as 30%.In many states of India drug use has become another concerning phenomenon that is helping with the spread of HIV/AIDS. Although the nation’s prevalence rates of HIV have decreased, it does not mean that the situation is getting better. This disease will continue to claim millions of lives because India does not have the equipment or resources needed in most areas; along with that the taboos, and stigma in India will negatively affect the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS. The way that Indians think ab out HIV/AIDS plays a major role in treatment and prevention efforts.There are many parts of the world where one with HIV/AIDS is able to go to a doctor, friend or family member to get support. In India, this is not the case for the most part. It is a country with a strict social hierarchy and most Indian people still believe in arranged marriages. The people of India stigmatize HIV/AIDS, which often leads to discrimination, denial, humiliation and rejection from family/community and medical staff. HIV/AIDS is not just any disease in India, since it is linked to controversial behaviours HIV/AIDS comes with a lot more baggage than for instance cancer does.HIV/AIDS is extremely under reported due to the many psychological hardships one must face in order to get the help that they need. Currently 50% of people with HIV are aware of their status; people that seek treatment often face traumatizing experiences with the medical staff. The government of India supports voluntary testing howev er, a very high percentage of cases have been reported in which the patient had been tested against their will, which in return would dictate the quality of medical care they would receive.In many cases, individuals have been denied medical services because of their status and people that are HIV+ and belong to a high-risk group face double the discrimination and stigma because they are a part of a controversial group. There is a direct correlation with Indian culture and the identification of HIV/AIDS in India. In order to successfully educate and treat the Indian population we must take into account the very sensitive cultural values of Indian people and customize action plans accordingly. Sex in India is highly discouraged amongst non-married couples and the topic is hushed.Indians greatly value marriage and hold the lowest divorce rate in world (Divorce Mag, 2011). Woman are seen as disgraceful, worthless and disgusting if they engage in sex with a partner before marriage and in most cases are disowned or face harsh consequences for their actions from family members and other social groups. For Indian people it is ideal to have and maintain one sexual partner although woman in India face double standards while men are able to participate in sexual intercourse with multiple partners there for the HIV status of women is highly dependent on the behaviour of their partner(s)/spouse.The taboo of talking about sex publically and sex in general is the main reason for the hardships faced by educators, organizations and other public figures who try to make efforts with the awareness of HIV/AIDS. India is a place where a bar can possibly be shut down if any public display of affection is shown. There can be many explanations for the way Indian people think about sex that date back to the history of the first civilizations and religious texts that may have influenced and shaped the ideology of Indian people today.This is a way of thinking that has existed in India fo r thousands of year and will continue to do so for a very long time. Education and communication is extremely difficult in a place where the population is not willing to listen, Indian people tend to ignore and underestimate HIV/AIDS because they are unwilling to talk about it. Most Indian people are unaware of the facts that in return cause them to link it to unacceptable behaviours creating stigma, discrimination and denial due to lack of knowledge.People are hesitant to expose their HIV status and discuss issues with people. HIV/AIDS has claimed many lives in India, more so then many other parts of the world. The world fact book estimated 170 000 deaths in the year 2009 (ranked third highest in the world). Causality rates of HIV/AIDS related deaths have been decreasing in recent years. Many efforts have been made to prevent the spread of the disease by the government and other organizations yet India ranks as one of the top countries on HIV/AIDS hit list.The people of India have a hard time explaining and discussing the impact that HIV/AIDS has left on their country. People often are surprised and thrown off when they are presented with actual statistics, they see the disease as someone else’s problem with the attitude that it is a disease that infects the â€Å"scum of society† but once they are presented with the statistics they are immediately appalled. Indian youth is continuously encouraged to ignore such topics and refrain from talking about sex by their families.Another interesting issue is the misleading statistics that the government of India presents which understates the real statistics, Indian people lose trust in the government and don’t know which statistics to believe (Drynan, 2001). Indian people that live in poor areas with very low income believe that the spread of infection is mainly because a family member has to migrate to another location for a long period of time to find work and make an income to support his/her family. Since the majority of the population in India is poor, this is the leading explanation that most families will have.Indian people that are HIV + believe that the spread of the disease is linked to the decision of keeping HIV statuses a secret. Some sex workers admit that they do not expose their status to clients in fear of losing their job. Indian people are aware that health care systems need to improve in order to stop HIV/AIDS from spreading. There also a large portion of people who believe in fate and that if someone is infected with HIV/AIDS it is in their fate to die that way. â€Å"In the past I never thought that I would contract such a big disease, or neither would my husband.I had that much faith in him because we wouldn’t do such things. Now I don’t talk to my husband, I don’t know his whereabouts. God gave me this disease, what God metes out, Only God can judge. I have a daughter who is HIV + as well. I feel bad that my child has it but wha t can one do. I have a lot of problems at work, my co-workers tease me and shun me. They do not come near me† Anita who is HIV+ explained her thoughts about her status (Lets Break Through, 2006). Since the creation of antiretroviral therapy (ART/ARV) many lives have been extended and maybe even saved.In India these drugs are becoming more available and the price of these drugs is declining as time goes by how ever not everyone has access to these drugs. Many areas of India where these drugs are needed are poor areas where Doctors refuse to practise due to lack of income available. Many villages do not have access to someone who can administrate these drugs. The main factor is money, these drugs are expensive and many families simply cannot afford them. Recently the government has been focusing on distributing free antiretroviral drugs but it is impossible to reach everyone in need with the available funds.India is also actively manufacturing generic low-cost ARV’s. Out of all the people that need treatment only ? are receiving it (Avert, 2011) and many are not adhering due to high costs of drugs/testing, poor counselling, inadequate understanding and intolerance to drugs. Treatment centres are located in every state where HIV/AIDS is prevalent, screening is voluntary (ideally) and counselling is provided. The types of screening available are: Western blot test, ELISA, viral load test, CD4 count and blood biochemistry.Luckily India has a strong pharmaceutical industry and is taking advantage of it by reaching out to its patients. Another issue is drug resistant people; in Mumbai 18% of newly diagnosed people were resistant to at least one drug (World Bank, 2011) so second-line therapy is required. Another concerning problem is that therapy in India is unstructured. Although these drugs are becoming more available in India, those in need are often denied access by the health care providers. The poor are ignored and usually do not have the funds or t he resources to obtain the drugs. HIV/AIDS Treatment and Prevention in India, 2011) Some other popular alternative traditional therapy in India includes Chinese medicine, Homeopathy, acupuncture and siddha medicine (Life Positive, 2011).The impact that HIV/AIDS will have on India in the future may be devastating if the current trends do not change. Treatment needs to be made more available, Health care providers need to be trained adequately and the general population needs to be educated. Many organizations and government have helped with the control of this epidemic such as promoting condom use are making improvements. Condoms are now used among many sex workers who ecite the policy of â€Å"no condom, no sex† to their customers and this is important because as of today condoms are the single most convenient and effective way of preventing the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. There is no doubt that India is putting resources towards organizations that will pro vide services for the Indian population but this alone is not enough, Indian people themselves will need to accept and face this issue in order to make progress. Since India has a large portion of High-risk groups, there is always going to be danger and opportunity for HIV/AIDS to spread.The rates vary from state to state but World Banks estimates that by 2033 mortality by infectious diseases will increase and of that, AIDS will represent 22% of total deaths. India has economic, cultural and other demographic factors that hamper prevention efforts. Discrimination, denial and stigma will continue to cause damaged relationships, torn families, physical isolation, desertion, economic implications, lower quality of life and death. This disease will continue to control the lives of people that are infected.

Genetically And Genetically Modified Foods - 822 Words

Genetically Modified Foods What is it that we are eating? GMO’s are unnatural. Is it healthy to eat something that doesn’t belong in our digestive system? GMO’s are genetically modified food. Genetically modified foods are created by taking genes from plants and animals and inserting into our food to alter the genetic engineering. In 1984, GMO’s were first introduced when a plant was modified from antibiotic resistant tobacco. In 1994, genetically modifying food was approved by the FDA and the first GMO food, Flavr-Savr tomatoes, was released into marketing. (A history of GM) They became an issue since the beginning, creating many health problems. Genetically modifying foods should not be allowed in America because it’s unhealthy, it decreases in nutritional value, antibiotic resistance, and has shown increases in food allergy and toxicity. Genetically modifying foods have shown a decrease in nutritional value compared to natural foods by creating so that there are lack of nutrients such as vitamins and minerals. â€Å"For example, phytate is a compound common in seeds and grains that binds with minerals and makes them unavailable to humans. An inserted gene could cause a plant to produce higher levels of phytate decreasing the mineral nutritional value of the plant (GEO-PIE).† (Discovery Eye) â€Å"Another example comes from a study showing that a strain of genetically modified soybean produced lower levels of phytoestrogen compounds, believed to protect against heart diseaseShow MoreRelatedGenetically And Genetically Modified Food947 Words   |  4 PagesAs genetically modified food appeared into people’s consciousness, it had been at the center of vehement controversy. Because people lack information about genetically modified food’s potential influence, they wonder whether genetically modifie d food is a miracle or not. Genetically modified food can solve several problems. The potential effects of genetically modified food also should be measured. However, people should not assume that genetically modified food only has disadvantages, but understandRead MoreGenetically Foods : Genetically Modified Foods1239 Words   |  5 PagesGenetically Modified Foods â€Å"70 percent of our corn farmland and 93 percent of soy farmland are planted with crops genetically engineered to resist pests and herbicides and increase crop yields. 60% of all the processed foods in the United States are genetically modified; a shocking statistic has the concern of many Americans. However, most people are uninformed about the beneficial impact that genetically modified food has on their diet. GM is the use of molecular biology technology to modify theRead MoreGenetically And Genetically Modified Foods1979 Words   |  8 Pages Genetically modified organisms are plants and animals that have been biologically engineered with the DNA of other plants, animals, bacteria, etc. Such modifications and combinations cannot occur in nature through crossbreeding or by other organic means. While commonplace in the vast majority of our marketplace, the information and nature of genetically modified foods is not as common. Information is, in fact, available on these genetically modified products, but they have to be sought out. TheRead MoreGenetically And Genetically Modified Foods1858 Words   |  8 Pagesyour food comes can come with a big health hazard, yes even with fruits and vegetables. The reasoning for this is the upcoming biotechnology of Genetically Modified Foods. These modified foods are supposed to help with the up and coming population that should rise by 10 billion in 2050.Plus with all the technology coming in, it makes it easier for farmers to do their harvest a lot quicker, which means they have more time for family. Although many people believe the Genetically Modified Foods willRead MoreGenetically And Genetically Modified Foods1457 Words   |  6 Pageslike a healthy food to feed your family, but think again. That can of corn most likely contains traces of genetically modified proteins or DNA. These genetically modified foods were made to improve food, but some wonder if they are solving more problems than they cause. Genetically modified foods, or seeds, should not be produced because they cause vulnerability and disadvantage to populations, cause allergenic problems, and contaminate organic crops. Genetically modified foods are foods with differentRead MoreGenetically And Genetically Modified Foods1739 Words   |  7 Pagesabomination for mankind. I strongly agree. Genetically modified foods are defined as foods that are derived from organizations whose genetic material (DNA) has been modified in a way that does not occur naturally. For instance, this occurs through the introduction of a gene from a different organism into the desired organism. Since 1995, approximately 85 genetically modified foods have been approved in Canada. These include genetically modified foods that have been grown in Canada and imported fromRead MoreGenetically And Genetically Modified Food1095 Words   |  5 Pages Genetically modified organisms have been a contentious topic for the last several years. Decried as being chemically dangerous to the human body, potentially ruinous of worldwide agriculture, and harmful to the environment, GMOs have a rather contemptible reputation. Despite these denunciations, it is undeniable that both willful ignorance and outright misinformation have played a part in the public’s conception of genetically modified food. GMOs have undoubtedly been the victim of character assassinationRead MoreGenetically : Genetically Modified Food2356 Words   |  10 PagesSamuel Lubin Dr. Lambert 1102 May 7 2015 Genetically Modified Food What are genetically modified foods? They are plants and animals whose DNA has been altered or change to suit the needs of humans. There are three types of genetically modified food (GM) first generation, second generation, and third generation crops. Each type is focused in different types of yields and crops so they can have a system that allows to keep production and value up. To pick up, the first generation is a type of GMRead MoreGenetically And Genetically Modified Foods1510 Words   |  7 PagesGenetically modifying of crops is simply the alteration of an organism’s gene trait, primarily used to create a significantly more dominant plant, by instilling traits of one plant to another plant to help solve farmers ever growing challenges. These seeds are then referred to as GMO seeds or GM seeds. The value of producing seeds with genetically modified traits can be seen in today’s agricultural markets. Today, ninety percent of soybeans, sixty percent of corn and sixty percent of cotton grownRead MoreGenetically Modified Food : Genetically Food2134 Words   |  9 PagesGenetically Modified Food Imagine going to the grocery store and seeing a seedless watermelon, but it is not the typical oval, it is square. Down the produce aisle, there are sweet, juicy strawberries; however, there is a warning label that says, â€Å"Do not consume if you have a nut allergy.† The world today is moving forward in the way that society produces our wholefoods. Genetic engineering, bioengineering, or biotechnology is the process of inserting the genetics of different plants and organisms

Friedmans Family Assessment Essay - 2821 Words

Friedman Family Assessment Jessica Druin December 12, 2010 University of Phoenix NUR/405 Denise Wilson Family Assessment Introduction A nursing assessment of a family is the basis of nursing interventions. Stanhope and Lancaster (2008) state, â€Å"By using a systematic process, family problem areas are identified and family strengths are emphasized as the building blocks for interventions and to facilitate family resiliency (p. 567). The following paragraphs will describe a family that has become more typical in this day and age. The family consists of a mother, a father, a five year old daughter, and a three year old son. The family that was chosen was interviewed as a family, but also individually. Family Assessment This†¦show more content†¦The only vegetables they had were canned vegetables. BAD does try to make a balanced dinner, but still uses frozen meals that are easier to prepare. BAD is a 29 year old caucasian female. She is 64 inches and 225 pounds. Her hair is uncombed and unwashed. She stated that since losing her job, and being diagnosed with thyroid cancer, she does not feel the need to look presentable every day. She said when she does leave the house that she does do her hair and makeup. She is needing surgery to remove her thyroid, but the family has already used up their allotted insurance money for the year, so they are waiting until January to have the surgery. MLD is 33 year old caucasian male. He is 68 inches and 195 pounds. He is well kept in appearance and has on slacks and a button down long sleeve shirt. He has just gotten off work. He said he usually works overtime, 12 hour days, to make extra income for the family. MLD also takes night classes two nights a week and is working on getting a bachelors in business to advance at his company. The two children are CED, and LRD. CED is 5 years old and is in kindergarden. LRD is 3 and will start kindergarden when he is 6. CED has childhood asthma, and has to have a breathing treatment every night before bed. She also has 2 rescue inhalers and has to take a pill every day. LRD is a healthy 3 year old boy with no diseases at this time. He has however had severalShow MoreRelatedFriedman Family Assessment1725 Words   |  7 PagesFriedman Family Assessment Darla Lauer NUR/405 August 27, 2012 Beth Edwards, MSN, FNP – BC Friedman Family Assessment The following is a study of a family using the Friedman Family Assessment. â€Å"Public health nurses must have skills to move competently between working with individual families, bridge relationships between families and the community, and advocate for family and community legislating and influence policies that promote and protect the health of populations†Read MoreNur405 Friedman Family Assessment1469 Words   |  6 PagesFriedman Family Assessment The Friedman Family Assessment is a tool used to assess the â€Å"family as a whole, as part of the whole of society, and as an interaction system† (Lancaster Stanhope, 2008, p. 569). The Friedman Family Assessment has certain assumptions for the families that are assessed with this tool. These assumptions include the families are â€Å"a social system with functional requirements, a small group possessing certain generic features common to all small groups, as a social systemRead MoreEssay on Friedman Family Assessment Model1218 Words   |  5 PagesFriedman Family Assessment Rashell Myers NUR 405 February 14, 2011 Deborah Schultz R.N., M.N. Friedman Family Assessment The Friedman Family Assessment Model draws heavy on the structure-function framework and on developmental as system theory. The model takes a broad approach to family assessment, which views families as a subsystem of society. The family is viewed as an open social system ((Stanhope Lancaster, 2008). In this paper the subject to identify is a family assessment usingRead MoreEssay about Friedman Family Assessment1435 Words   |  6 PagesFriedman Family Assessment According to Stanhope and Lancaster (2008) â€Å"Each family is an unexplained mystery, unique in the ways it meets the needs of its members and society† (p. 550). Family nursing is a special field that involves the nurse and family working together to achieve progress for the family and its members in adjusting to transitions and responding to health and illness. The Friedman Family Assessment Model serves as a guide in family nursing to identify the developmental stage ofRead MoreFriedman Family Assessment Essay examples2782 Words   |  12 PagesFriedman Family Assessment May 2010 University of Phoenix NUR/405 Amy Weaver A nursing assessment of a family is the basis of nursing interventions. Stanhope and Lancaster (2008) state, â€Å"By using a systematic process, family problem areas are identified and family strengths are emphasized as the building blocks for interventions and to facilitate family resiliency (p. 567). The following paragraphs will describe a typical family. The family consists of a mother, a father, a 10 year oldRead MoreFriedman Vs Head On The Effectiveness1193 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Friedman vs. Head on the Effectiveness of Online Writing *** ----- ----- The Effectiveness of Online Writing Courses (MOOCs) Massive open online courses (MOOCs) are one of the revolutionary trends in education across the world. Many controversies surround it with some education stakeholders viewing it as very costly but of little value. In addition, other critics consider it a cheaper model of teaching especially in higher education (Vimeo, 2014). Cheaper in the sense manyRead MoreAnalysis Of Mrs. Doubtfire1747 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Regarding the family unit, Friedman, Bowden and Jones (2003) states â€Å"This basic unit so strongly influences the development of an individual that it may determine the success or failure of that person’s life.† Due to the this influence it is vital to assess the family during the process of caring for a patient. Their environment, lifestyle and support system all have a tremendous effect on the healing process either good or bad. In this essay, the Hillard family from the movie Mrs. DoubtfireRead MoreEssay Family Power Debate1405 Words   |  6 PagesFAMILY POWERBASE IS DETERMINED BY THE FAMILY STRUCTURE MODERATOR (Nancy):   I am Nancy, moderator for Team C debate.  Ã‚   Family structure is different in every family. The  family  has consensus over who has the ultimate say on the day to day  decisions. Present day family has very complex type of structure which affects the powerbase determination. A family consisting of a mother (female), father (male), and a child or two will have a very different power base than a family consisting of twoRead MoreBeruit to Jerusalem by Thomas Friedman Essay1526 Words   |  7 PagesBeruit to Jerusalem by Thomas Friedman The ongoing problems of the Middle East are complex and difficult to understand. In Beirut to Jerusalem Thomas Friedman uses the different tools to assess the state of affairs in the Middle East. Friedman uses the social sciences to analysis the situation that he observed when he was in Beirut writing for The New York Times. Being that Friedman is Jewish I rode off the book as a one-sided view of the happenings in the Middle East. What I found wasRead MoreCapturing the Friedmans Essay1508 Words   |  7 PagesSteward 1 Melissa Steward Research Essay English 367.01 12/8/04 Capturing the Friedmans Home movies are about innocence--our lost fuzzy, glowing personal pasts, all horseplay, and funny hats and the promise of youth (Cooper, 23). Andrew Jareckis remarkable film, Capturing the Friedmans captured just what is clearly a case study of extreme family dysfunction through such home videos. At first Andrew Jarecki just wanted to do a nice little documentary about

Macroeconomic Policies And Its Effects On The Economy Essay

Economic experts always try to find the best forms to stabilize the economy. Macroeconomic policy is usually a customary of procedures and principles that the government makes to control the comprehensive pointers of an economy surrounds. Fiscal and monetary policies are normally the set of tools that it is used in macroeconomics. Fiscal policy is the decisions on the economy and it influences many variables that include inflation, employment and economic growth. Monetary policy is the parameter of money source to impact the economy’s wide fluctuating for instance as inflation, employment, and economic growth. Macroeconomic policies have an effect on the people and the society, because the decisions and regulations that the government creates it can affect small family business or even a house that is a shelter for a family. Economic fluctuation is defined as the increase and decrease of financial activity virtual to the long-term development drift of the economy. The method that these variations work is by the ups and down commonly including the nation as a whole and frequently several other economies all over the world, and they disturb practically all extents of economic activity. Under this economic fluctuations we can explains some terms that include expansions, contractions, depression, recession, and inflation. Expansion is the time through which the economy develops as cast back by skyrocketing the output, employment revenue, and other aggregate measures.Show MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Macroeconomic Indicators On Economic Growth On A Petrol Dollar Economy Essay1391 Words   |  6 PagesTHE EFFECT OF MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN A PETROL-DOLLAR ECONOMY: THE NIGERIAN EXPERIENCE 1. Introduction The Central Bank of Nigeria Act of 1958(CBN) vested the monetary policy powers of economic stability on the apex regulatory bank (CBN).Since our independence in 1960,CBN has operated a fixed exchange regime which was at various times was at par with the British pounds and later the United States Dollar. This exchange rate regime was operated in additionRead MoreFinance Is Based On Economics841 Words   |  4 Pagesneeds by humans. Macroeconomics started with John Maynard Keynes, an English economist, who published a book entitled General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money in 1936. Keynes offered a clarification for the fallout from the Great Depression, when goods remained unsold and workers unemployed, a feat that left classical economists stumped. Keynes theory explained why markets may not clear. 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Double Standard Essay Research Paper Double StandardAs free essay sample

Double Standard Essay, Research Paper Double Standard As a traffic applied scientist, I am evidently more qualified to be runing a traveling vehicle than anyone else on the route. After all, I know the proper term for those small bubbling things that they glue to the paving: bidirectional gold reflectorized pavement markers. Since I am such a qualified driver, I become inordinately annoyed with the ignorance of other drivers. There are three primary beginnings of my exasperation: people who drive beside me, people who drive behind me, and people who drive in forepart of me. First there are the imbeciles who drive beside me. They neer know where they are traveling. Each clip that I unwittingly miss my bend, some idiot is in the left lane looking for street Numberss and barricading me from doing a U-turn. Such behaviour is revolting. More significantly, it is unsafe. It ever seems that the same nauseating sap is in my manner when, due to a minor distraction, I change lanes without looking. We will write a custom essay sample on Double Standard Essay Research Paper Double StandardAs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I would believe that he would retrieve me and acquire out of my manner. Doesn # 8217 ; t he realize that I am an of import individual with of import assignments to maintain? Even more nauseating than the projectile scientists who drive beside me are the manque jet pilots who drive behind me. If they think that siting my bumper is traveling to rush me up, they have a batch to larn. If I need to look for street Numberss, they will merely hold to be patient. And when I lock up my brakes and oink across three lanes of traffic as I locate the figure I’m looking for, they had better be paying attending. I am much excessively busy to worry about them. It’s non my mistake that they are in such a haste. They should hold left earlier. Those who drive beside me and those who drive behind me are genuinely annoying, but the most despicable drivers of all are those who drive in forepart of me. Womans are the worst. When I am running tardily for category, I don # 8217 ; Ts have clip to wait for some bimbo to complete seting on her oculus line drive after the traffic signal has turned green. She should hold done her make-up at place. The same blonde ( They are ever blonde! ) stops at xanthous visible radiations, excessively. I think she merely stops so she can preen in the mirror. One twenty-four hours when one of these bimbos stopped and my left leg was caught in the maneuvering wheel as I put on my pantyhose, I about hit her. Another twenty-four hours, I was seting on my jacket when another stupid blonde stopped. How was I supposed to acquire my auto out of cogwheel when I had both weaponries tied up in my jacket arms? She made me procrastinate my vehicle. When will the nescient dimwits learn? I can non believe how careless and ill-mannered other drivers are. If they don # 8217 ; t alteration shortly, I will hold to throw away my blow drier ( which plugs into the coffin nail igniter ) and maintain a closer oculus on them.

Nuture in Robert Frosts Poetry free essay sample

Robert Frosts Departure from and Return to Nature ? ? . , , , : ; ; ; ; ; ; ABSTRACT Through the analysis of some of Robert Frost’s poems, this paper tries to reveal Frost’s unique concept of nature, which differs greatly from that of Wordsworth’s and Emerson’s. His attitude toward nature is between love and horror, departure and return. The contradiction between the desire to widen the life circle and the decision to live wisely in the real world is reflected in most of Frost’s poetry. Then the thesis concentrates on the study of the causes of Frost’s unique attitude toward nature from three aspects: social transformation, cultural permeating as well as personal traits. Keywords: concept of nature; love; horror; departure; return Robert Frosts Departure from and Return to Nature Introduction Robert Frost was one of the greatest poets in America in the 20th century. Long before his death at eighty-nine, Frost attained an enviable position as unofficial Poet Laureate for the nation, receiving the Pulitzer Prize four times and was the only poet ever invited to read one of his poems (The Gift Outright) at the Presidential Inauguration?. We will write a custom essay sample on Nuture in Robert Frosts Poetry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As for his poetry,Frost employed the plain speech of rural New Englanders and preferred the short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative to describe the simple, nice scenery of rural New England. Just as most of Frost’s poetry set New England s the background, he was often regarded by some critics as a regional poet. But as a matter of fact, New England in Frost’s poetry is far more than a small rural region, but a microcosm of the whole country. Also the natural scenery in New England described in the poetry is also far more than just the picturesque view, but endowed with many metaphorical meanings. It may be the symbol of another world as opposed to the real society, or may represent the myth unknown to the human being, etc. By describing the relationship between the New Englanders and nature there, Frost contemplates on the issues concerning the modern society such as the relationship between man and the real world; the relationship between man and nature as well as the relationship between man and man. Frost reveals the contradictions in the real society, and the confusion, helplessness as well as loneliness of people. We can safely conclude that if one understands Frosts attitude toward nature rightly, then he can grasp the meaning of most of Frosts poetry perfectly. As most of Frost’s poetry set the rural New England as the background, describing the natural scenery, emphasizing the beauty and simplicity of the country life, he is widely recognized as a pastoral poet. Critics usually focus their attention on his attitude toward nature, and compare him with the English romantic poet William Wordsworth and the representative of the American Transcendentalism Emerson on their concepts of nature. In this thesis, the writer will try to make clear Frosts unique concept of nature, and point out the differences of Frosts concept of nature from that of William Wordsworths and Emersons. Frosts attitude toward nature is between love and horror, departure and return. The contradiction between the desire to widen the life circle and the decision to live wisely in the real world is reflected in most of Frosts poems, while Wordsworth and Emerson show deep love for nature, emphasizing the natures role in consoling and protecting the soul of human being. Furthermore this essay mainly concentrates on probing the causes of Frosts concept of nature from social, cultural and personal aspects. In this way the readers can have a clearer idea of the significance of the natural scenery in Frosts poetry, and by extension understand better Frosts attitude toward the whole universe. I Frosts Concept of Nature Frost has so often written about the rural landscape and wildlife that one can hardly avoid thinking of him as a nature poet. As the beautiful natural scenery frequently shows up in Frosts poetry, most people take Frosts poetry as they take Wordsworths. Yet nature in Frosts eyes is a little bit more complex, as there is an apparent bleakness in his landscape in spite of the bright side of it. Most of Frosts poetry is very simple both in language and style, but it does not mean that the meanings of the poetry are skin-deep. If his poetry is analyzed in depth, one will find that his poetry are not the simple description of nature and the rural life, but contain rich meaning in terms of the relationship between man and nature, between man and the real world, between man and man. New England in Frosts poetry is far more than a small rural region, but a microcosm of the whole country. The natural scenery in New England described in the poetry is also far more than just the picturesque view, but endowed with rich metaphorical meaning. His view of nature is quite complex. To sum up, he has a love-hate attitude toward nature. His complicated feeling toward nature is reflected in most of his poems. He loves nature. Also he is afraid of nature. Though he wants to escape from the real world to an imaginative wonderland free of secular desires and worry, he wants to live wisely in the real world. There is the contradictory feeling underneath the simple language. In one of Frosts most widely anthologized poems Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, readers can sense his complicated feeling easily. Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow. My little horse must think it queer To stop without a farm house near Between the woods and frozen lake The darkest evening of the year. He gives his harness bells a shake To ask if there is some mistake The only other sound’s the sweep Of easy wind and downy flake. The woods are lovely, dark and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep. ? It is extraordinarily cold in the woods as it has a heavy snow, and the wind is cold and freezing. But the speaker feels the wind as easy, and the flake as downy: â€Å" easy wind and downy flake†, from which we can conclude that Frost feels a strong love for nature, despite the bad weather condition. Also as Frost refers to the woods, he uses the adjectives â€Å"lovely†, â€Å"deep†. The woods is very tranquil at that dark winter evening, so that it is like a quiet wonderland that attracts the human being, and bears with it rich myth for man to explore. But at the same time Frost expresses his horror of nature, as he writes that â€Å"Between the woods and frozen lake/ The darkest evening of the year†, â€Å"The woods are (lovely), dark and (deep)† . Though dark gives the woods quietness, but at the same time arouses the horror of the poet. Usually dark is used to indicate something frightening, because when it is dark, one cannot see what is there, and nothing is more frightening than the unknown, than imagine what might be there. Thus the dark in the woods may symbolizes that man is alienated from nature. The remoteness of nature reveals the tragedy of mans isolation and his weakness in the face of vast, impersonal forces. Nature is beautiful, pure and simple, and this beauty and tranquility make it a wonderland that attracts human beings to stay and to enjoy. But as for the unknown aspect, nature is too deep and vast for man to know, the great unrivaled force makes people horrified. The two opposite sides of nature are analogous to those in the real society: the physical needs: food, shelter, interpersonal relationship in the real world drag people in, but on the other hand, the hardships, chaos and cruelty make it a hell which compels people to escape. The speaker in the poem, on the one hand, wants to stay in that beautiful wonderland so as to have a good rest without the bother of the duties in the real world; on the other hand, he is horrified by the unknown and uthlessness in the natural world and meanwhile summoned in consciousness by the responsibilities left unfulfilled in the real world. In the end he is pulled back to reality. The three lines But I have promises to keep. / And miles to go before I sleep, / And miles to go before I sleep. indicate the disappointment on leaving the woods. Man can never find a home in nature, nor can he live outside of it. Encounters with nature are not always contemplative or symbolic. Frost sometimes just shows nature as it is without adding any metaphorical meanings. In the poem â€Å"Storm Fear†, Frost describes nature as a powerful, destructive force that causes fear in a storm night. When the wind works against us in the dark, And pelts with snow The lower chamber window on the east, And whispers with a sort of stifled bark, The beast, ‘Come out! Come out! ’ It costs no inward struggle not to go, Ah, no! I count our strength, Two and a child, Those of us not asleep subdued to mark How the cold creeps as the fire dies at length, How drifts are piled, Dooryard and road ungraded, Till even the comforting barn grows far away, And my heart owns a doubt Whether ‘tis in us to arise with day And save ourselves unaided.? In the above poem the speaker encountering nature is not just fearing what it may represent, nor reading storm for its significance; rather he expresses genuine fear of the annihilation prompted by actual circumstancesa nature unleashing dangerous and untamed forces that have the power to destroy him and that, consequently, dramatize his helplessness and render him subdued and fearful. Nature in this poem is quite hostile to the human beings, which compels them even into the fortresses they have built against it. The wind whispers, barks, and creeps. The ‘pelting’ snow adds to the visual image of the destructive nature that even doors and windows cannot shut out. As the fire dies out, the cold advances inside. The strength of the house as physical protection against the cold, and home as spiritual protectiontwo and a child, love and familyseem increasingly inadequate. The fear of the powerful nature is the one that antedates buildings and institutions. We are in the grip of a primitive, elemental fearback in a world in which fire gave temporary security against the cold and the dark and frightened away the beastsuntil it went out.? From this we can clearly know that Frost is afraid of nature, especially its destructive power. In the presence of the powerful nature, man is like the ants with little strength to compete with. However, the best state of life is also displayed in one of Frosts best poems Birches. Id like to go by climbing a birch tree, And climb black branches up a snow-white trunk Toward heaven, till the tree could bear no more, But dipped its top and set me down again. That would be good both going and coming back.? It seems that the speaker enjoys a good time in climbing a birch tree as if in heaven. But the last line† That would be good both going and coming back. † reveals the speaker’s best desire. Surely the ideal state of living lies not in going but in going and coming back. Then why does Frost consider going and coming back the best? The real society is not orderly, and the hardships people undergo make them want to escape to another world free of secular desire and worries. The natural world just meets the needs of human being with its purity, innocence and beauty, which could console the tired body and disturbed soul of human being. So man needs to live in the imaginative wonderland located in nature. On the other hand, man needs to live wisely in the real world as it is the best place to live, where there are physical needs and advanced technology which could improve the material life of people. What’s more, people have to undertake all the responsibilities in the real society, while the natural world could never provide the material things indispensable for human being, and nature could be very dangerous as it is inhuman and remote, also with measureless, unconquerable force. So the ideal state of life should be living in the harmony of reality and imagination. As most of Frosts poems give large space to the description of natural scenery, many critics compare him with William Wordsworth on their concepts of nature. William Wordsworth is a leader of the Romantic Movement in England (1798-1832). As all the romantic poets at that time had a deep interest in nature, not as a centre of beautiful scene but as an informing and spiritual influence on life. Wordsworth also focused his attention on nature.? As in most of his poems he showed deep love for nature. And the theme of Wordsworths poetry is the spirit immanent in nature and man. He constantly emphasizes the union of mind and external reality and expresses this union most often through suggesting a blending of thought and landscape and portraying the subtle affinities between the natural scene and the moral sentiments. In Wordsworth’s opinion, nature is the embodiment of the Divine SpiritGod and Universe are identical, that is, God is everything and everything is God. For example, in one of his famous poems I wandered lonely as a cloud†, Wordsworth describes the daffodils he came across in a valley. †¦ Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, †¦ Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company: I gazedand gazedbut little thought What wealth the show to me had brought: For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils.? The first two stanzas show Wordsworth’s love for the beautiful daffodils: ‘fluttering’, ‘dancing’. In the dull society, men had nothing to rely on, and therefore they resort to the natural world to seek belief. By being near to the natural world, men can have the genuine happiness and comfort, and also have their spiritual world filled fully. The last two stanzas then reflect the harmony and union of man and nature. The beautiful scenery present gives people the happiness, and leads to the dance with it. And then my heart with pleasure fills, / And dances with the daffodils. †. By these two sentences he sang of the harmony between nature and man. Because nature consoles human soul, it fills the empty spiritual world of human being, and enhances human spirit. Wordsworths view of nature is primarily on the bright side, emphasizing the union of nature and man in the spiritual wo rld. But Frost sees bleakness in nature which is quite foreign to Wordsworth as described above, and also never endowed nature with spirit. Besides the comparison with Wordsworth, Frost is often put together with Emerson. Ralph Waldo Emerson is the first and greatest American Transcendentalist and revolutionary Romanticist. Transcendentalism is a break from Puritanism, and it revolts against the puritanical thought of nature: regarding nature as inferior to human being. Transcendentalism places emphasis on Spirit or the Oversoul that is contained in everything on earth, and takes as it as the most important thing in universe. According to Emerson, Universe is made up of two things: Nature and Soul. As for nature, it means everything that is â€Å"Not Me†, such as mountains, rivers, birds and flowers, even human body. Emerson thinks that everyone can commune with God if he wills, so man is divine. By being near to nature, man can be closer to God and comprehend the will of God from what can be seen in nature. In his essay Nature, Emerson expresses his constant, deeply felt love for the natural scenery and shows us nature as the symbol of spirit serves man as the source of language and beauty and self-knowledge. In the essay Emerson writes, â€Å"Standing on the bare ground, my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into infinite space, all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part of parcel of God. † ? In this part he earnestly shows the great beauty of nature and the role of it in consoling and protecting human soul. By being in the beautiful nature, the egotism vanishes and man gets closer to God. So nature in Emerson’s writings is the manifestation of God, and contains the signs of God’s will. If man gets near to nature, he could commune with God and know the will of God. The Oversoul is present in everything. It exists in human being as man is created by God and only one step inferior to God; it exists also in nature as nature is the manifestation of God and contains the will of God. This aspect is quite similar to the English Romanticism, but bears the color of oriental religion. But nature in Emerson’s writing is not just the objective natural world, nature is not independent from the human soul. Its beauty is comprehended by the human soul, as the soul is unified, active and divine, so is the nature. So Emerson’s concept of nature, to a large extent, is dependent on the high emphasis on the human spirit or the Oversoul, which is surely different from Frost’s. Frost is using nature to see the nature of human being, while Emerson uses the spirit of human to see the beauty of nature. What’s more, the theme that man could be closer to God by being near to nature in Emerson’s essay is not expressed in Frost’s poetry at all. In Frosts poetry nature is by no means that high, it is glamorous, changeable, yet indifferent and hostile sometimes. The relationship between man and nature is love and horror, rather than harmony or enlightenment as reflected in Emerson’s essays. II Social Reason for Frosts Concept of Nature Frosts concept of nature does not come from nothing, but come into form with the influence of various factors. Among those factors, social reason is surely the most important one. Development in New England at that time exerts great impact on the formation of Frosts concept of nature. Before the 1850s, America was essentially a rural? agrarian and isolated republic, whose idealistic, confident and self-reliant inhabitants for the most part believed in God. American literature at that time was mainly influenced by the European Romanticists. Writers wrote of the mysteries of life, of love, of birth and death. But after the Civil War, industry had a rapid development and the United States was transformed into an industrial and urban nation, which witnessed dramatic changes both in social and political areas. Large numbers of rural people immigrated to the cities, so that the simple, tranquil rural life was disappearing. Monopoly was intensified, therefore the nation became a land of contrasting wealth and poverty. Because of the cruel exploitation of the bourgeoisie, the workers movement was becoming more and more fierce. The great advances achieved in science and technology further the distance between man and natural world. On the surface, there were elegance, security and comfort, but underneath there were all disappointment and anguish. All these made people begin to question the assumptions shared by the transcendentalists—natural goodness, the optimistic view of nature and man, benevolent God. At the same time people began to be tired of the sentimental feelings of the Romanticism after the Civil War. American literature now began to produce works that reveal the irreconcilable contradictions between the labor and the bourgeoisie, the corruption of the politics as well as the confusion, and loneliness of the people after stripping off all the concealments. The natural scenery of rural New England was used by Robert Frost to contemplate on the situation of the whole world and the psychology of the people. Nature in Frosts poetry was far more than pure picturesque scene, it had been endowed with various profound metaphorical meanings. Firstly it may be the symbol of a wonderland as opposed to the real society. The bustling real society compelled people to work continuously with little rest, to fulfill the demanded responsibilities without complaint. The hardships people underwent made them want to escape, while the beautiful nature was like an attractive wonderland, a preserved virgin land where people could rest quietly and comfortably without worrying about all the duties in the real world. In one of Frost’s best known poems Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, he expressed the desire to escape. Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow. My little horse must think it queer To stop without a farm house near Between the woods and frozen lake The darkest evening of the year. He gives his harness bells a shake To ask if there is some mistake The only other sound’s the sweep Of easy wind and downy flake. The woods are lovely, dark and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep. In this poem, the speaker goes out to enjoy the beauty of nature on a freezing winter night. It is very strange for a person to appreciate natural scenery on a winter night. Yet the purposeful selection of night indicates the awkwardness of modern people. It implies that the stress and burden in the society is so heavy as to leave no time for human to approach nature. Though it is freezing and dark, the speaker is totally attracted by the beautiful woods covered with snow. The nature is so beautiful, quiet, innocent and tame. It is like a wonderland or a paradise where people can rest to his heart content without worrying about anything. In the poem, there is a sharp contrast of white and dark, illusion and consciousness, love and horror. From another aspect, in the capitalist society everything had been possessed by human being including the natural world. Farmland, woods and forests had been owned by someone. In the poem, the speaker chooses the darkest evening as the proper time to appreciate the woods. Then why does he choose the darkest evening as the proper time to appreciate the woods? It is not only because of the numerous responsibilities encumbered in the real world, but also because only in this way could he not be seen by the owner of it. So moved is the traveler by the sight of woods filled up with snow that he stops. Conscious of the owner whose house is in the village, safely and sensibly away from snowy woods, the speaker seems to need to assure himself that the owner will not see him stopping there. For one thing, he would presumably prefer that the owner not see him trespassing; for another, sensitive as he is to the mentality of the horse, he would probably feel foolish if he were seen by the owner. In such society, man could no longer freely enjoy the beauty of nature, but has to appreciate it stealthily. This situation, in turn, makes Frost show more love for nature and want to stay there in order to have the great enjoyment. Furthermore, in an industrial society, with the advanced science and technology, people were at loss. Everything in the society was out of their control, and they were treated as standardized commodities. But in the natural world, people could get satisfaction by handling the plants or farmlands. In the poem â€Å"birches†, Frost shows us this role of nature. Some boy too far from town to learn baseball, Whose only play was what he found himself, Summer or winter, and could play alone. One by one he subdued his father’s trees By riding them down over and over again Until he took the stiffness out of them, And not one but hung limp, not one was left For him to conquer. The boy in the poem could find no other things to play in his residential area, which is just like the situation of the modern people who could find nothing to control, to manipulate. So he had to resort to nature for help. There are things in the natural world that can satisfy the soul of human being by giving man the sense of achievement to offset his disturbed feeling stirred by the chaotic society. Therefore Frost deeply loves nature and admires its vastness and great strength. But for frost, nature is indifferent? ruthless and ignorant of the existence of humankind. In the boundless natural world, human may be confronted with great danger. The invincible force of nature is more than anything hostile to the human being, it may become extraordinarily cruel and make people unaided and perplexed. It is like a boundless? mysterious island with beautiful scenery. But the weak human stands alone with horror because of the smouldering? unrivaled force around him. Frost shows his horror toward nature in some of his poems. †Storm Fear† is a case in point. When the wind works against us in the dark, And pelts with snow The lower chamber window on the east, And whispers with a sort of stifled bark, The beast, ‘Come out! Come out! ’— How the cold creeps as the fire dies at length, — How drifts are piled, Dooryard and road ungraded, Till even the comforting barn grows far away, And my heart owns a doubt Whether ‘tis in us to arise with day And save ourselves unaided. Nature in this poem is described as a beast that is quite hostile to human being. People show his helplessness in facing the invincible destructive force, especially when living in a place that is far away from the towns. Human could not just live in the remote natural world far from civilized cities where the safe equipments could be provided. So the real society is not quite that bad, there are many facilities in the civilized cities that can protect human, and improve their material life. Frost’s horror toward nature made him want to depart from the natural world and wisely live in the real society. Whats more, people could never just live in fantasy, but had to face bravely the imperfect real world in order to break out of the psychological trap. III Cultural Influence on Frosts Concept of Nature Frosts concept of nature is not only the result of the influence of society at that time, but also the outcome of the influence of culture in the 20th century America. American literature originated in about 1607, when the first colony was set up in Jamestown, Virginia, 13years later following the establishment of the second English colony in Plymouth, New England. The immigrants at that time were all puritans, who escaped from England to the new continent in the hope of finding a refuge from the religious persecution in their motherland. This immigration played an important role in the establishment and development of the new colony as well as the formation of the new idealism and literature in the new continent. Puritanism takes as its ancestor the Calvinism of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Calvinists believe in creeds: â€Å"heredity depravity† of human beings, the original sin of human beings, the absolute sovereignty of God, and limited salvation by God. Puritans believe in almost the same creeds as that of Calvinists except that they believe they could be saved by God through the Covenant of Grace by hard work and pious pray. It is this belief that makes them so persistent in developing the new country. Puritans firmly believe that all sorts of entertainment are evil; man should devote himself to hard work in order to be saved by God from his original sin, and make the soul exist eternally in heaven. Therefore they take nature as evil and inferior as nature is beautiful, which could provide man with pleasure. Frost, as a native New Englander, is much influenced by the traditional culture. To puritans all sorts of entertainment are evil, so it is also evil if people are indulged in the beauty of the natural world. What’s more, nature is ephemeral and will wither at proper time. But human, on the contrary, though the body may decay when passing away, the soul would be eternal. So nature is inferior and man could not be too close to nature so as to maintain mans superiority. To some extent, Frost’s poetry reflects this puritan thought. In his poem â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening†, the speaker is attracted by the beauty of the natural world and even wants to rest there. But as the responsibilities summon him in consciousness, he surrenders to the call and leaves the natural world as the poem states: â€Å"But I have promises to keep. / And miles to go before I sleep, / And miles to go before I sleep. † The sentences indicate that in the poet’s mind the duty of human assigned by God is still very important, and the entertainment in the beautiful nature is improper or even evil. Puritanical thought explains why Frost always wants to leave nature once he steps into it. Transcendentalism may be another factor that contributes Frost’s particular concept of nature. Transcendentalism is a â€Å"remarkable outburst of Romanticism on Puritan ground†. It is fundamentally a religious movement, and one that has its root in the old New England Puritan consciousness. But it is a religious movement imbued with Romantic attitudes and emphases, and it expresses itself often in poems about natural phenomenon as in essays about God-in-nature.? It places emphasis on Spirit or the Oversoul that is contained in everything on arth, and takes it as the most important thing in universe. According to Emerson, Universe consists of two aspects: Nature and Soul. As for nature, it means everything that is â€Å"Not Me†, such as mountains, rivers, birds, flowers and even human body. Emerson believes that everyone can commune with God if he wills, so man is divine. N ature in Transcendentalism has been put in a high status: it is the manifestation of God, which man could sense by being close to it, and communicate spiritually with it. Frost is greatly influenced by this idea, and reflects his transcendental thought in his poetry. In his best known poems Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, Frost used the vocabulary characteristic of mystical experience, an encounter with the Absolute in which man is in great happiness and afraid that his own sense of selfhood might be threatened with annihilation. The line â€Å"The woods are lovely, dark and deep,† does reflect the contradictory feeling simultaneously. Although Frost appears to be indulged in the state of enjoying heaven on earth, the transcendental moment when his intuition dominants his consciousness, he never regards nature as pure good or completely bad, but takes it as something neutral. In fact, Frost’s concept of nature is the result of combination of the traditional puritan thought and modern transcendentalism. IV Personal Reason for Frosts Concept of Nature Robert Frost has an ambivalent attitude towards nature. He loves it and at the same time is afraid of it. This complicated feeling toward nature is also influenced by his personal life experiences and his personality. In 1895 Frost married his high school sweetheart, Elinor. Their first born, a boy, died in 1900, which caused a great tension between the young couple. In order to ease the tension, Frost and his wife moved to a farmland in Derry, New Hampshire bought by his grandfather. They did not leave there till September, 1909.? This ten years’ life on the farm played a great role in the literary life of Frost. He reveled in the simple joy of farming and being in touch with the earth. By being totally involved in the simple rural life of the New Englanders, Frost freely enjoyed the beautiful scenery there, and keenly listened to the musical, rhythmical dialect there. However, what Frost saw on the other side of the quiet life disturbed him. During the time he spent farming in Derry, New Hampshire, working in the fields might have brought him some of the most peaceful moments of his life. The simple, quiet life in the countryside gave him the happiness and comfort. Yet, when Frost turned away from his chores, he found that his world was crumbling around him. The village life was both hermetic and thrifty. He had to supplement the inadequate income of his farming by several periods of school teaching and other odd jobs. What’s more, his family members were down with illness, his child died and consequently, his marriage was on the edge of collapse. As reflection of his personal life, he saw nature as beautiful and full of hope, yet random and chaotic. Frosts personality also exerts influence on his view of nature. Frost is actually a very sensitive person, which can be seen from one of his poems â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay†. Nature’s first green is gold, Her hardest hue to hold. Her early leaf’s a flower; But only so an hour. Then leaf subsides to leaf. So Eden sank to grief, So dawn goes down to day. Nothing gold can stay. 011 In this poem, Frost pays great attention to the change of color of the spring leaves, and from which he extends to other issues concerning human being. Leaves will fall as spring ends. â€Å"Eden sank to grief† reminds us that among other â€Å"grieves† caused by a loss of Eden is the major grief of death and loss which no one can escape. Human being will pass away at proper time like the spring leaves. So the life of man must change too, as the color of leaves do. Man should not just confine himself to one space. Frost, while living in the rural New England, enjoying the beauty of nature and the simple, quiet life in the countryside, still keeps close ties with cities. Countryside is too far away from the modern life. It seems as if people in the rural areas are forsaken by society. The urban life makes him feel the quick pace of modern life as well as the elaborate division of work in the factories, so he tried to keep a balance between the two ways of living. As the most conspicuous trait of Frost is neutral, so whenever he drops into a dilemma, he will perform his perfect skill of reconciling the contradictions. Frost’s principle in dealing with matters could be summed up as follows: absolute surrender or independence in the real world all has its own deficiencies. Complete belonging to a group, no matter what kind of group it is, one has to sacrifice something, either his hobbies or his freedom, sometimes even his precious life. To Frost, the real world is neither too chaotic nor perfectly orderly, but somewhere between. One has to treat the world objectively, bearing in mind that it includes both hope and desperation, comedy and tragedy, joy and agony. Likewise nature is beautiful as well as hostile. The imaginative world is attractive, but the real world also has its good aspect and people have many responsibilities to fulfill. So man should not linger on the imaginative natural world, but should live wisely in the real world with imagination. Conclusion Frosts attitude toward nature is between love and horror, departure and return. The contradiction between the desire to widen the life circle and the decision to live wisely in the real world is reflected in most of his poems. This paper puts forward three reasons for his love for nature. Firstly, the society at that time was quite different from the past. Industry got a rapid development, which demanded large labor forces. People therefore were under much stress due to continuous work. People began to be tired of the life in the real world, and resort to the beautiful, pure nature for relief. Secondly, Frost was influenced by the new thought-Transcendentalism. Transcendentalism puts nature at a high place, takes it as the manifestation of God. By being close to nature, man could communicate with God spiritually and sense the will of God. Thirdly, Frost had lived on the farmland in Derry, New Hampshire for ten years. This period of time was the most peaceful moment in Frosts life and by farming there, Frost experienced great happiness and comfort. This paper also probes into three causes of his fear of nature. Firstly, in Frosts eyes, natural world is not at all that nice. It is like the real society, also has the dark side. Nature is inhuman, ruthless as well as indifferent. It does not care about human well-being. It may become extraordinarily cruel and make the people unaided and perplexed. It is like a boundless? mysterious island with beautiful scenery. But the weak human stands alone and with horror because of the smoldering, unrivaled forces around him. Secondly, the puritan thought more or less influenced Frost, as he is a native New Englander. For puritans, any sort of entertainment is evil, so it is also evil if people are indulged in the beauty of the natural world. What’s more, nature is ephemeral and will wither at proper time. But human is on the contrary, though the body may decay when passing away, the soul would be eternal. So nature is inferior. Thirdly, during Frosts life on the farm, he underwent many tragedies. His family members came down with illness, his child died and consequently, his marriage was on the edge of collapse. As reflective of his personal life, he viewed nature as quite bleak. And his most conspicuous trait is â€Å"neutral†, so he views nature both lovely and horrible. Frosts ambivalent attitude towards nature can be viewed as a wise way of living for the modern people. Man is not satisfied with the linear life in the real society. Man should hold a poetic lifestyle by living between nature and the real world. By detailed analysis of Frosts unique concept of nature, this paper distinguishes the concepts of nature of Frost, Wordsworth and Emerson. Wordsworths view of nature is primarily on the bright side, emphasizing the union of nature and man in the spiritual world. Nature in Emerson’s writing is the manifestation of God, and contains the signs of God’s will. If man got near to nature, he could commune with God and know the will of God. By analyzing the concept of nature of Frost and distinguishing it from that of Wordsworth’s and Emerson’s, the writer aims to enable readers grasp the implication of Frosts poetry more clearly, and understands the role of nature in Frost’s poetry better. (Approximately 6,448 words) Notes: ? Annette T. Rubinstein. â€Å"American Literature Root and Flower† ( ). : , 1998, p608, p609 , . . : , 2003, p166, p165 ? 011 Judith Oster:â€Å"Robert Frost: The Reader and the Poet†. Georgia University Press, 1991, p137, p224 ? Ibid, p137 , . . : , 2002, p69, p72 ? Cleanth Brooks. â€Å"American Literature The Makers and the Making† Vol. 2. N ew York: St. Martin’s Press, 1973, p691 ? Ibid, p676 Bibliography 1. Annette T. Rubinstein. â€Å"American Literature Root and Flower† ( ). : , 1998 2. Cleanth Brooks. American Literature The Makers and the Making† Vol. 2. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1973 3. James M. Coxed. â€Å"Robert Frost A Collection of Critical Essays†. Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1962 4. Judith Oster. â€Å"Robert Frost The Reader and the Poet†. Georgia University Press, 1991 5. Robert Faggen. â€Å"The Cambridge Companion to Robert Frost†. Cambridge University Press, 1994 6. . . : , 2002 7. . . : , 1999 8. . . : , 2000 9. , . . : , 2003 10. , . . : , 2002